SECURITY EDUCATION, PRIVACY GUIDANCE, THREAT AWARENESS, OPEN SOURCE TOOLS, RESEARCH NOTES, AND RESPONSIBLE TECHNOLOGY CONTENT

  • Penetration Testing Distribution - BackBox

    BackBox is a penetration test and security assessment oriented Ubuntu-based Linux distribution providing a network and informatic systems analysis toolkit. It includes a complete set of tools required for ethical hacking and security testing...
  • Pentest Distro Linux - Weakerth4n

    Weakerth4n is a penetration testing distribution which is built from Debian Squeeze.For the desktop environment it uses Fluxbox...
  • The Amnesic Incognito Live System - Tails

    Tails is a live system that aims to preserve your privacy and anonymity. It helps you to use the Internet anonymously and circumvent censorship...
  • Penetration Testing Distribution - BlackArch

    BlackArch is a penetration testing distribution based on Arch Linux that provides a large amount of cyber security tools. It is an open-source distro created specially for penetration testers and security researchers...
  • The Best Penetration Testing Distribution - Kali Linux

    Kali Linux is a Debian-based distribution for digital forensics and penetration testing, developed and maintained by Offensive Security. Mati Aharoni and Devon Kearns rewrote BackTrack...
  • Friendly OS designed for Pentesting - ParrotOS

    Parrot Security OS is a cloud friendly operating system designed for Pentesting, Computer Forensic, Reverse engineering, Hacking, Cloud pentesting...

Tuesday, April 5, 2016

A tool to find and exploit servers vulnerable to Shellshock - Shocker



A tool to find and exploit servers vulnerable to Shellshock

Help Text

usage: shocker.py
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--Host HOST, -H HOST A target hostname or IP address
--file FILE, -f FILE File containing a list of targets
--port PORT, -p PORT The target port number (default=80)
--exploit EXPLOIT, -e EXPLOIT Command to execute (default=/bin/uname -a)
--cgi CGI, -c CGI Single CGI to check (e.g. /cgi-bin/test.cgi)
--proxy PROXY A BIT BROKEN RIGHT NOW Proxy to be used in the form 'ip:port'
--ssl, -s Use SSL (default=False)
--threads THREADS, -t THREADS Maximum number of threads (default=10, max=100)
--verbose, -v Be verbose in output

Usage Examples

./shocker.py -H 127.0.0.1 -e "/bin/cat /etc/passwd" -c /cgi-bin/test.cgi
Scans for http://127.0.0.1/cgi-bin/test.cgi and, if found, attempts to cat /etc/passwd
./shocker.py -H www.example.com -p 8001 -s
Scan www.example.com on port 8001 using SSL for all scripts in cgi_list and attempts the default exploit for any found
./shocker.py -f ./hostlist
Scans all hosts listed in the file ./hostlist with the default options

Dependencies

Python 2.7+

Change Log

Changes in version 0.72 (December 2014)
  • Minor corrections to logic and typos
Changes in version 0.71 (December 2014)
  • Added timeout to urllib2.urlopen requests using a global 'TIMEOUT'
Changes in version 0.7 (November 2014)
  • Add interactive 'psuedo console' for further exploitation of a chosen vulnerable server
  • Attemped to clean up output buffering issues by wrapping sys.stdout in a class which flushes on every call to write
  • Added a progress indicator for use in time consuming tasks to reassure non vebose users
Changes in version 0.6 (October 2014)
  • Preventing return codes other than 200 from being considered successes
  • Added ability to specify multiple targets in a file
  • Moved the 'cgi_list' list of scripts to attempt to exploit to a file
  • Fixed some output formatting issues
  • Fixed valid hostname/IP regex to allow single word hostnames
Changes in version 0.5 (October 2014)
  • Added ability to specify a single script to target rather than using cgi_list
  • Introduced a timeout on socket operations for host_check
  • Added some usage examples in the script header
  • Added an epilogue to the help text indicating presence of examples
Changes in version 0.4 (October 2014)
  • Introduced a thread count limit defaulting to 10
  • Removed colour support until I can figure out how to make it work in Windows and *nix equally well
  • Spelling corrections
  • More comprehensive cgi_list
  • Removes success_flag from output
Pre 0.4 (October 2014)
  • No idea

TODO
  • Identify and respond correctly to HTTP/200 response - false positives - Low priority/hassle
  • Implement curses for *nix systems - For the whole application or only psuedo terminal? - Low priority/prettiness
  • Thread the initial host check now that multiple targets are supported (and could be make this bit time consuming)
  • Change verbose to integer value - quiet, normal, verbose, debug?
  • Add option to skip initial host checks for the sake of speed?
  • Add a summary of results before exiting
  • Save results to a file? Format?
  • Eventually the idea is to include multiple possible vectors but currently only one is checked.
  • Add Windows and *nix colour support - Low priority/prettiness
  • Add a timeout in interactive mode for commands which don't return, e.g. /bin/cat /dev/zero
  • Prettify - Low priority/pretinness (obviously)
  • Add support for scanning and explointing SSH and SMTP? https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Shellshock+via+SMTP/18879
  • Add SOCKS proxy support, potentially using https://github.com/rpicard/socksonsocks/ from Rober Picard
  • Other stuff. Probably.


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Public Malware Techniques Used In The Wild - Al-Khaser




al-khaser is a PoC malware with good intentions that aimes to stress your anti-malware system. It performs a bunch of nowadays malwares tricks and the goal is to see if you catch them all.

Possible uses
  • You are making an anti-debug plugin and you want to check its effectiveness.
  • You want to ensure that your sandbox solution is hidden enough.
  • Or you want to ensure that your malware analysis environement is well hidden.
Please, if you encounter any of the anti-analysis tricks which you have seen in a malware, don't hesitate to contribute.

Features

Anti-debugging attacks
  • IsDebuggerPresent
  • CheckRemoteDebuggerPresent
  • Process Environement Block (BeingDebugged)
  • Process Environement Block (NtGlobalFlag)
  • ProcessHeap (Flags)
  • ProcessHeap (ForceFlags)
  • NtQueryInformationProcess (ProcessDebugPort)
  • NtQueryInformationProcess (ProcessDebugFlags)
  • NtQueryInformationProcess (ProcessDebugObject)
  • NtSetInformationThread (HideThreadFromDebugger)
  • NtQueryObject (ObjectTypeInformation)
  • NtQueryObject (ObjectAllTypesInformation)
  • CloseHanlde (NtClose) Invalide Handle
  • UnhandledExceptionFilter
  • OutputDebugString (GetLastError())
  • Hardware Breakpoints (SEH / GetThreadContext)
  • Software Breakpoints (INT3 / 0xCC)
  • Memory Breakpoints (PAGE_GUARD)
  • Interrupt 0x2d
  • Interrupt 1
  • Parent Process (Explorer.exe)
  • SeDebugPrivilege (Csrss.exe)
  • NtYieldExecution / SwitchToThread

Anti-virtualization
  • Virtualbox registry key values artifacts:
    • "HARDWARE\DEVICEMAP\Scsi\Scsi Port 0\Scsi Bus 0\Target Id 0\Logical Unit Id 0 (Identifier)
    • HARDWARE\Description\System (SystemBiosVersion)
    • HARDWARE\Description\System (VideoBiosVersion)
    • HARDWARE\Description\System (SystemBiosDate)
  • Virtualbox registry Keys artifacts
    • "HARDWARE\ACPI\RSDT\VBOX__"
    • "HARDWARE\ACPI\FADT\VBOX__"
    • "HARDWARE\ACPI\RSDT\VBOX__"
    • "SOFTWARE\Oracle\VirtualBox Guest Additions"
    • "SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxGuest"
    • "SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxMouse"
    • "SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxService"
    • "SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxSF"
    • "SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\VBoxVideo"
  • Virtualbox file system artifacts:
    • "system32\drivers\VBoxMouse.sys"
    • "system32\drivers\VBoxGuest.sys"
    • "system32\drivers\VBoxSF.sys"
    • "system32\drivers\VBoxVideo.sys"
    • "system32\vboxdisp.dll"
    • "system32\vboxhook.dll"
    • "system32\vboxmrxnp.dll"
    • "system32\vboxogl.dll"
    • "system32\vboxoglarrayspu.dll"
    • "system32\vboxoglcrutil.dll"
    • "system32\vboxoglerrorspu.dll"
    • "system32\vboxoglfeedbackspu.dll"
    • "system32\vboxoglpackspu.dll"
    • "system32\vboxoglpassthroughspu.dll"
    • "system32\vboxservice.exe"
    • "system32\vboxtray.exe"
    • "system32\VBoxControl.exe"
  • Virtualbox directories artifacts:
    • "oracle\virtualbox guest additions\"
  • Virtualbox MAC Address:
    • "\x08\x00\x27"
  • Virtualbox virtual devices:
    • "\\.\VBoxMiniRdrDN"
    • "\\.\VBoxGuest"
    • "\\.\pipe\VBoxMiniRdDN"
    • "\\.\VBoxTrayIPC"
    • "\\.\pipe\VBoxTrayIPC")
  • Virtualbox Windows Class
    • VBoxTrayToolWndClass
    • VBoxTrayToolWnd
  • Virtualbox network share
    • VirtualBox Shared Folders
  • Virtualbox process list
    • vboxservice.exe
    • vboxtray.exe

Anti Dumping
  • Erase PE header from memory

Code/DLL Injections techniques
  • CreateRemoteThread
  • SetWindowsHooksEx
  • NtCreateThreadEx
  • RtlCreateUserThread
  • APC (QueueUserAPC / NtQueueApcThread)
  • RunPE (GetThreadContext / SetThreadContext)

Timing Attacks
  • Sleep -> SleepEx -> NtDelayExecution
  • SetTimer (Standard Windows Timers)
  • timeSetEvent (Multimedia Timers)


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Tiny banker aka Tinba Source - Trojan Banker




Obs. I am not responsible for their actions, test in the virtual machine for not damage your real system.


Tinba got its name from its extraordinarily small size – its code is approximately 20 kilobytes in size, a remarkably small number for banking malware. Tinba is a combination of the words tiny and banker; the same malware is also known as Tinybanker and Zusy.

The program  encrypted with pass code and key file to security

Pass: offensivesec

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Wednesday, March 30, 2016

Security Intelligence Collector - Machinae



Machinae is a tool for collecting intelligence from public sites/feeds about various security-related pieces of data: IP addresses, domain names, URLs, email addresses, file hashes and SSL fingerprints. It was inspired by Automater , another excellent tool for collecting information. The Machinae project was born from wishing to improve Automater in 4 areas:
  1. Codebase - Bring Automater to python3 compatibility while making the code more pythonic
  2. Configuration - Use a more human readable configuration format (YAML)
  3. Inputs - Support JSON parsing out-of-the-box without the need to write regular expressions, but still support regex scraping when needed
  4. Outputs - Support additional output types, including JSON, while making extraneous output optional

Installation

Machinae can be installed using pip3:


pip3 install machinae

Or, if you're feeling adventurous, can be installed directly from github:


pip3 install git+https://github.com/HurricaneLabs/machinae.git

You will need to have whatever dependencies are required on your system for compiling Python modules (on Debian based systems, python3-dev ), as well as the libyaml development package (on Debian based systems, libyaml-dev ).
You'll also want to grab the latest configuration file and place it in /etc/machinae.yml.

Configuration File

Machinae supports a simple configuration merging system to allow you to make adjustments to the configuration without modifying the machinae.yml we provide you, making configuration updates a snap. This is done by finding a system-wide default configuration (default /etc/machinae.yml ), merging into that a system-wide local configuration ( /etc/machinae.local.yml ) and finally a per-user local configuration ( ~/.machinae.yml ). The system-wide configuration can also be located in the current working directory, can be set using the MACHINAE_CONFIG environment variable, or of course by using the -c or --config command line options. Configuration merging can be disabled by passing the --nomerge option, which will cause Machinae to only load the default system-wide configuration (or the one passed on the command line).
As an example of this, say you'd like to enable the Fortinet Category site, which is disabled by default. You could modify /etc/machinae.yml , but these changes would be overwritten by an update. Instead, you can put the following in either /etc/machinae.local.yml or ~/.machinae.yml:


fortinet_classify:
default: true

Or, conversely, to disable a site, such as Virus Total pDNS:


vt_ip:
default: false
vt_domain:
default: false

Usage

Machinae usage is very similar to Automater:


usage: machinae [-h] [-c CONFIG] [-d DELAY] [-f FILE] [--nomerge] [-o {D,J,N}]
[-O {ipv4,ipv6,fqdn,email,sslfp,hash,url}] [-q] [-s SITES]
targets [targets ...]
  • See above for details on the -c / --config and --nomerge options.
  • Machinae supports a -d / --delay option, like Automater. However, Machinae uses 0 by default.
  • Machinae output is controlled by two arguments:
    • -o controls the output format, and can be followed by a single character to indicated the desired type of output:
      • N is the default output ("Normal")
      • D is the default output, but dot characters are replaced
      • J is JSON output
    • -f / --file specifies the file where output should be written. The default is "-" for stdout.
  • Machinae will attempt to auto-detect the type of target passed in (Machinae refers to targets as "observables" and the type as "otype"). This detection can be overridden with the -O / --otype option. The choices are listed in the usage
  • By default, Machinae operates in verbose mode. In this mode, it will output status information about the services it is querying on the console as they are queried. This output will always be written to stdout, regardless of the output setting. To disable verbose mode, use -q
  • By default, Machinae will run through all services in the configuration that apply to each target's otype and are not marked as "default: false". To modify this behavior, you can:
    • Pass a comma separated list of sites to run (use the top level key from the configuration).
    • Pass the special keyword all to run through all services including those marked as "default: false"
    Note that in both cases, otype validation is still applied.
  • Lastly, a list of targets should be passed. All arguments other than the options listed above will be interpreted as targets.

Out-of-the-Box Data Sources

Machinae comes with out-of-the-box support for the following data sources:
  • IPVoid
  • URLVoid
  • URL Unshortener ( http://www.toolsvoid.com/unshorten-url )
  • Malc0de
  • SANS
  • Telize GeoIP
  • Fortinet Category
  • VirusTotal pDNS (via web scrape - commented out)
  • VirusTotal pDNS (via JSON API)
  • VirusTotal URL Report (via JSON API)
  • VirusTotal File Report (via JSON API)
  • Reputation Authority
  • ThreatExpert
  • VxVault
  • ProjectHoneypot
  • McAfee Threat Intelligence
  • StopForumSpam
  • Cymru MHR
  • ICSI Certificate Notary
  • TotalHash (disabled by default)
  • DomainTools Parsed Whois (Requires API key)
  • DomainTools Reverse Whois (Requires API key)
  • DomainTools Reputation
  • IP WHOIS (Using RIR REST interfaces)
With additional data sources on the way.

Disabled by default

The following sites are disabled by default
  • Fortinet Category ( fortinet_classify )
  • TotalHash ( totalhash_ip )
  • DomainTools Parsed Whois ( domaintools_parsed_whois )
  • DomainTools Reverse Whois ( domaintools_reverse_whois )
  • DomainTools Reputation ( domaintools_reputation )

Output Formats

Machinae comes with a limited set of output formats: normal, normal with dot escaping, and JSON. We plan to add additional output formats in the future.

Adding additional sites

*** COMING SOON ***

Known Issues
  • Some ISP's on IPvoid contain double-encoded HTML entities, which are not double-decoded

Upcoming Features
  • Add IDS rule search functionality (VRT/ET)
  • Add "More info" link for sites
  • Add "dedup" option to parser settings
  • Add option for per-otype request settings
  • Add custom per-site output for error codes

Version History

Version 1.2.0 (2016-02-16)
  • New features
    • Support for sites returning multiple JSON documents
    • Ability to specify time format for relative time parameters
    • Ability to parse Unix timestamps in results and display in ISO-8601 format
    • Ability to specify status codes to ignore per-API
  • New sites
    • DNSDB - FarSight Security Passive DNS Data base (premium)

Version 1.1.2 (2015-11-26)
  • New sites
    • Telize (premium) - GeoIP site (premium)
    • Freegeoip - GeoIP site (free)
    • CIF - CIFv2 API support, from csirtgadgets.org
  • New features
    • Ability to specify labels for single-line multimatch JSON outputs
    • Ability to specify relative time parameters using relatime library

Version 1.0.1 (2015-10-13)
  • Fixed a false-positive bug with Spamhaus (Github#10)

Version 1.0.0 (2015-07-02)
  • Initial release



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Wednesday, March 23, 2016

Fast And Full-Featured SSL Scanner - SSLyze







SSLyze is a Python tool that can analyze the SSL configuration of a server by connecting to it. It is designed to be fast and comprehensive, and should help organizations and testers identify mis-configurations affecting their SSL servers.
Key features include:
  • Multi-processed and multi-threaded scanning: it's very fast.
  • Support for all SSL protocols, from SSL 2.0 to TLS 1.2.
  • NEW: SSLyze can also be used as a library, in order to run scans and process the results directly from Python.
  • Performance testing: session resumption and TLS tickets support.
  • Security testing: weak cipher suites, insecure renegotiation, CRIME, Heartbleed and more.
  • Server certificate validation and revocation checking through OCSP stapling.
  • Support for StartTLS handshakes on SMTP, XMPP, LDAP, POP, IMAP, RDP, PostGres and FTP.
  • Support for client certificates when scanning servers that perform mutual authentication.
  • Scan results can be written to an XML or JSON file for further processing.
  • And much more !

Getting Started

SSLyze can be installed directly via pip:


pip install sslyze

It is also easy to directly clone the repository and the fetch the requirements:


git clone https://github.com/nabla-c0d3/sslyze.git
cd sslyze
pip install -r requirements.txt --target ./lib

Then, the command line tool can be used to scan servers:


python sslyze_cli.py --regular www.yahoo.com:443 www.google.com

SSLyze has been tested on the following platforms: Windows 7 (32 and 64 bits), Debian 7 (32 and 64 bits), OS X El Capitan.


Usage as a library

Starting with version 0.13.0, SSLyze can be used as a Python module in order to run scans and process the results directly in Python:


# Script to get the list of SSLv3 cipher suites supported by smtp.gmail.com
hostname = 'smtp.gmail.com'
try:
# First we must ensure that the server is reachable
server_info = ServerConnectivityInfo(hostname=hostname, port=587,
tls_wrapped_protocol=TlsWrappedProtocolEnum.STARTTLS_SMTP)
server_info.test_connectivity_to_server()
except ServerConnectivityError as e:
raise RuntimeError('Error when connecting to {}: {}'.format(hostname, e.error_msg))

# Get the list of available plugins
sslyze_plugins = PluginsFinder()

# Create a process pool to run scanning commands concurrently
plugins_process_pool = PluginsProcessPool(sslyze_plugins)

# Queue a scan command to get the server's certificate
plugins_process_pool.queue_plugin_task(server_info, 'sslv3')

# Process the result and print the certificate CN
for plugin_result in plugins_process_pool.get_results():
if plugin_result.plugin_command == 'sslv3':
# Do something with the result
print 'SSLV3 cipher suites'
for cipher in plugin_result.accepted_cipher_list:
print ' {}'.format(cipher.name)


The scan commands are same as the ones described in the sslyze_cly.py --help text.
They will all be run concurrently using Python's multiprocessing module. Each command will return a PluginResult object with attributes that contain the result of the scan command run on the server (such as list of supported cipher suites for the --tlsv1 command). These attributes are specific to each plugin and command but are all documented (within each plugin's module).
See api_sample.py for more examples of SSLyze's Python API.


Windows executable

A pre-compiled Windows executable is available in the Releases tab. The package can also be generated by running the following command:


python.exe setup_py2exe.py py2exe



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An Anonymous VPN-Adapter (P2P layer 3 VPN based on Tor or I2P) - OnionCat





OnionCat is a VPN-adapter which allows to connect two or more computers or networks through VPN-tunnels. It is designed to use the anonymization networks Tor or I2P as its transport, hence, it provides location-based anonymity while still creating tunnel end points with private unique IP addresses.

OnionCat uses IPv6 as native layer 3 network protocol. The clients connected by it appear as on a single logical IPv6 network as being connected by a virtual switch. OnionCat automatically calculates and assigns unique IPv6 addresses to the tunnel end points which are derived from the hidden service ID (onion ID) of the hidden service of the local Tor client, or the local I2P server destination, respectively. This technique provides authentication between the onion ID and the layer 3 address, hence, defeats IP spoofing within the OnionCat VPN.

If necessary, OnionCat can of course transport IPv4 as well. Although it has native IP support, the suggested way to do this is to configure an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel.


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Fuzzing Framework Written In Python - Kitty



Goal


When we started writing Kitty, our goal was to help us fuzz unusual targets --- meaning proprietary and esoteric protocols over non-TCP/IP communication channels --- without writing everything from scratch each time. A generic and abstract framework that would include the common functionallity of every fuzzing process we could think of, and would allow the user to easily extend and use it to test their specific target.


Features


With this goal in mind, the following features were very important to us:

Modularity: Each part of the fuzzer stands on its own. This means that you can use the same monitoring code for different applications, or the same payload generator (aka Data Model ) for testing parsing of the same data that is received over different channels.
Extensibility: If you need to test something "new", you will not need to change Kitty's core code. Most, if not all, features can be implemented in the user code. This includes monitoring, controlling and communicating with the fuzzed target.
Rich data modeling: The data model core is rich and allows describing advanced data structures, including strings, hashes, lengths, conditions and many more. And, like most of the framework, it is designed to be extended even further as necessary.
Stateful: Support for multi-stage fuzzing tests. Not only you can describe what the payload of an individual message will look like, you can also describe the order of messages, and even perform fuzzing on the sequence's order.
Client and Server fuzzing: You can fuzz both servers and clients, assuming you have a matching stack. Sounds like a big requirement, but it isn't: it just means that you should have the means to communicate with the target, which you should have in most cases anyway.
Cross platform: Runs on Linux, OS X and Windows. We don't judge ;-)



What it's not?


Well, Kitty is not a fuzzer. It also contains no implementation of specific protocol or communication channel. You can write your own fuzzer with it, and you can use Kitty-based code of others, but it's not an out-of-the-box fuzzer.
A good place to get (and add) implementations of Kitty models is Katnip.


Katnip


Kitty, as a framework, implements the fuzzer main loop, and provides syntax for modeling data and base classes for each of the elements that are used to create a full fuzzing session. However, specific implementations of classes are not part of the Kitty framework. This means that Kitty defines the interface and base class to perform data transactions with a target, but it doesn't provide implementations for data transmition over HTTP, TCP or UART.
Implementations of all sorts of classes can be found in the complimentary repository - Katnip .


What's Next?




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Sunday, March 20, 2016

An Automated SMB Relay Script - Chuckle




Chuckle is an automated SMB Relay Script.


Chuckle requires a few tools to work:
  • SMBRelayX.py
  • Veil (latest version from git)
  • Responder (Chuckle will detect which version you are using.)
  • Nmap
  • Nbtscan (unixwiz)
  • MSFconsole

Usuage should be fairly simple, run as root or use sudo:


sudo ./chuckle.sh

Wait a while or coax a prvileged user into authenticating against you and you should end up with a shell on your target machine.

Be careful when running this and never run on a network you are not permitted to do so.



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HackSys Extreme Vulnerable Driver - HEVD



HackSys Extreme Vulnerable Driver is intentionally vulnerable Windows driver developed for security enthusiasts to learn and polish their exploitation skills at Kernel level.

HackSys Extreme Vulnerable Driver caters wide range of vulnerabilities ranging from simple Buffer Overflows to complex Use After Frees and Pool Overflows . This allows the researchers to explore the exploitation techniques for every implemented vulnerabilities.


Screenshots





Vulnerabilities Implemented
  • Pool Overflow
  • Use After Free
  • Type Confusion
  • Stack Overflow
  • Integer Overflow
  • Stack Overflow GS
  • Arbitrary Overwrite
  • Null Pointer Dereference

Building Driver


  1. Install Windows Driver Kit
  2. Change %localSymbolServerPath% in Build_HEVD_Secure.bat an Build_HEVD_Vulnerable.bat driver builder
  3. Run the appropriate driver builder Build_HEVD_Secure.bat or Build_HEVD_Vulnerable.bat

Installing Driver

Use OSR Driver Loader to install HackSys Extreme Vulnerable Driver


Testing

The HackSys Extreme Vulnerable Driver and the respective exploits have been tested on Windows 7 SP1 x86

Presentations

Presentation will be uploaded soon .

Sessions Conducted



Workshops Conducted



TODO
  1. Test the Driver on Windows 8.1/10 x64
  2. Add the exploit support for Windows 8.1/10 x64
  3. Add Use Of Uninitialized Variable Vulnerability
  4. Add Memory Disclosure Vulnerability
  5. Add Time-Of-Check-To-Time-Of-Use ( TOCTTU/Race Condition ) Vulnerability
  6. Refactor and Cleanup the driver and exploit source code

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